Month: August 2015

Definition:- This is other type of ante-partum hemorrhage . In this form of APH where bleeding due to premature separation of normally situated placenta.
Types :-
(1) Revealed:- Following separation of placenta in blood insiuates downward between membrane & deciduas ultimately blood comes out by cervical canal to be visible externally .
(2) Concealed:- :- The blood collects behind separated placenta or collected between in membrane & decidua .
(3) Mixed:- In this type of placenta some part of blood collect inside & a part is expelled out .

Etiology :-
-The exact cause of abruptio placenta is obscure or unknown
-Advancing age of mother
-High birth order pregnancy
-Poor socio economic condition
-Malnutrition
-Hypertension in pregnancy
-Any trauma
-Sudden uterine decompression
-Sick placenta
Clinical Features :-
-Depend upon degree of separation of placenta
-Small to moderate amount of bright or dark red vaginal bleeding
-Acute abdominal pain followed by vaginal bleeding
-General condition of pts is shock
-Fetal heart sound usually present in revealed or usually absent in concealed.
-Fetal part can be identified usually easily in revealed & difficult in concealed.
-Urine output normal in revealed & usually diminish in concealed .
Diagnostic Investigation :-
–History collection
–Physical examination
–USG
–Blood for hemoglobin
–Urine for protein
–Coagulation profile
–Complete blood count
Management:- The following guidelines may be helpful in prevention :-
– Prevention, early detection & effective therapy of pre-eclampsia.
– Needle puncture during amniocentesis.
– Avoidance of trauma.
– Avoid sudden decompression of uterus.
– Avoid supine hypotension.
– Routine administration of folic acid
The Pts is shift to equipped hospital as early as possible –Assessment of case (amount of blood, time , gestation period, bleeding ,pts is in labour or not).
-If patient is in labour , the labour is increased by low rupture of membrane .
-IF patients is not in labour & pregnancy 37 weeks or more, the induction of labour is done by low rupture of membrane.
Keywords:-
-Placental membrane
-Bleeding
-Pregnancy
-Hemorrhage
-Ultrasound
-Fetal heart sound

Anatomy of the eye.
The eye is the organ of sight. It is situated in the orbital cavity and is supplied by the optic nerve . It is almost spherical in shape and about 2.5 cm in diameter. The space between the eye and orbital cavity is occupied by adipose tissue . The bony walls of the orbit and the fat protects the eye from injury.
STRUCTURE- There are three layer of tissue in the walls of the eye:-
• The outer fibrous layer :sclera and cornea
• The middle vascular layer or uveal tract:consisting of the choroid,ciliary body and iris
• The inner nervous tissue layer :the retina
SCLERA AND CORNEA:- The sclera ,or white of the eye ,forms the outermost layer of the posterior and lateral aspects of the eyeball and is continous anteriorly with the cornea.
CHOROID:- The choroid lines the posterior five-sixth of the inner surface of the sclera and it is rich in blood vessels and it absorbs light which enters in the eye through the pupil.
Ciliary body:The ciliary body is the anterior continuation of the choroid consisting of the ciliary muscle and secretory epithelial cells.
Iris: The iris is the visible coloured ring at the front of the eye and extends anteriorly from the ciliary body,lying behind the cornea and in front of the lens.
Lens: The lens is a highly elastic circular biconvex body,lying immediately behind the pupil .
RETINA:- The retina is the innermost lining of the eye. It is extremely delicate structure and well adapted for stimulation by light rays.
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE EYE:- The eye is supplied with arterial blood by the ciliary arteries and the central retinal artery. These are branches of ophthalmic artery.
Venous drainage is by a number of veins ,including the central retinal vein.
NERVE SUPPLY TO THE EYE:- The eye is supplied by the optic nerve ,which is the second cranial nerve.