Category: SCIENCE BLOG

DESCRIPTION:-
Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 from Penicillin notatum. In 1941 penicillin was available for therapeutic use. Penicillins are one of the most important groups of antibiotics. Penicillin is now obtained from the fungus Penicillin chrysogenum for therapeutic use.
MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Beta lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in the bacteria. The rigid cell wall of the bacteria protects the bacteria from lysis. Therefore, cell wall is essential for the survival of bacteria. Peptidoglycon is an important component of the cell wall which gives rigidity to cell wall. The Synthesis of this peptidoglycan requires enzymes called transpeptidases. Beta -Lactam antibiotics inhibit these transpeptidases and thus inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycon. This results in the formation of bacteria with weak cell wall. Such bacteria undergoes lysis .
CLASSIFICATION:- a. Natural e.g. penicillin
b. Semi-synthetics
NATURAL PENICILLINS :-
Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicillin) :- Anti bacterial spectrum:- Penicillin G has narrow antibacterial spectrum and is effective against gram-positive cocci and bacilli and a few gram negative cocci.
Resistance:- Many Organism like staphylococci produce penicillinase which is a beta –lactamase.It opens the Beta Lactam rings and inactivates penicillin’s.
Penicillin may not bind to the bacteria because of changes in the target proteins. This also leads to resistance.
Pharmacokinetics:- Penicillin G is destroyed by gastric juice, food interferes with its absorption – hence, it is to be given 2 hours after food. It has a short t half life of 30 minutes.
Preparation and Dose:- Penicillin G is mainly given parentrally. Oral penicillin is used only in minor infection.
Adverse effect:- Hypersensitivity:- It is the most common cause of drug allergy.
Jarisc h-Herxheimer Reaction:- When penicillin is injected in a patient with syphilis, there is sudden destruction of spirochetes and release of its lytic products. These triggerers a reaction with fever, myalgia, exacerbation of syphilitics lesions and vascular collapse.

Definition:- This is other type of ante-partum hemorrhage . In this form of APH where bleeding due to premature separation of normally situated placenta.
Types :-
(1) Revealed:- Following separation of placenta in blood insiuates downward between membrane & deciduas ultimately blood comes out by cervical canal to be visible externally .
(2) Concealed:- :- The blood collects behind separated placenta or collected between in membrane & decidua .
(3) Mixed:- In this type of placenta some part of blood collect inside & a part is expelled out .

Etiology :-
-The exact cause of abruptio placenta is obscure or unknown
-Advancing age of mother
-High birth order pregnancy
-Poor socio economic condition
-Malnutrition
-Hypertension in pregnancy
-Any trauma
-Sudden uterine decompression
-Sick placenta
Clinical Features :-
-Depend upon degree of separation of placenta
-Small to moderate amount of bright or dark red vaginal bleeding
-Acute abdominal pain followed by vaginal bleeding
-General condition of pts is shock
-Fetal heart sound usually present in revealed or usually absent in concealed.
-Fetal part can be identified usually easily in revealed & difficult in concealed.
-Urine output normal in revealed & usually diminish in concealed .
Diagnostic Investigation :-
–History collection
–Physical examination
–USG
–Blood for hemoglobin
–Urine for protein
–Coagulation profile
–Complete blood count
Management:- The following guidelines may be helpful in prevention :-
– Prevention, early detection & effective therapy of pre-eclampsia.
– Needle puncture during amniocentesis.
– Avoidance of trauma.
– Avoid sudden decompression of uterus.
– Avoid supine hypotension.
– Routine administration of folic acid
The Pts is shift to equipped hospital as early as possible –Assessment of case (amount of blood, time , gestation period, bleeding ,pts is in labour or not).
-If patient is in labour , the labour is increased by low rupture of membrane .
-IF patients is not in labour & pregnancy 37 weeks or more, the induction of labour is done by low rupture of membrane.
Keywords:-
-Placental membrane
-Bleeding
-Pregnancy
-Hemorrhage
-Ultrasound
-Fetal heart sound