• December 9, 2024

MCA Fifth Semester Model Papers

Faculty: IT 2019 Sample Papers with Solutions Sr. No.  Paper Name  Question Paper Link  Solution Link 1.  Cloud Computing  Click Here  Click Here 2.  Analysis & Design of Algorithm  Click Here …

MCA Third Semester Model Papers

Faculty: IT 2019 Sample Papers with Solutions Sr. No.  Paper Name  Question Paper Link  Solution Link 1.  Java Technologies  Click Here  Click Here 2.  Web Technologies  Click Here  Click Here 3. …

MCA First Semester Model Papers

Faculty: IT 2019 Sample Papers with Solutions Sr. No.  Paper Name  Question Paper Link  Solution Link 1.  Discrete Mathematics  Click Here  Click Here 2.  Programming in C & C++  Click Here …

MSC (Biotechnology) Previous Year Model Papers

Faculty: Science 2019 Sample Papers with Solutions Sr. No.  Paper Name  Question Paper Link  Solution Link 1  Immunology, Virology and Pathogenesis  Click Here  Click Here 2.  Cell Biology  Click Here  Click …

MSC (Biotechnology) Final Year Model Papers

Faculty: Science 2019 Sample Papers with Solutions Sr. No.  Paper Name  Question Paper Link  Solution Link 1  Plant Biotechnology  Click Here  Click Here 2.  Genetic Engineering  Click Here  Click Here

Abstract

Chromosome condensation is essential for the faithful transmission of genetic information to daughter cells during cell division.However, the chromosome condensation process has been still poorly understood. Here I introduce two factors, chromosome scaffold structure and divalent cations, are required for chromosome condensation. Chromosome scaffold was found in chromosome arms as an axial structure of chromosome and it has important role in chromosome construction. The scaffold structure has been observed as a single tick axis in a single chromatid. Using super-resolution microscopy and electron microscopy, I revealed that the scaffold structure mainly consists of two thin axes. It will generate stiffness and elasticity to chromosome. Although chromosome structure was severely changed without chromosome scaffold structure, chromosome condensation itself can be achieved by another factor, divalent cations. One of divalent cations, Ca2+ depletion caused defects in proper mitotic progression and chromosome condensation after the breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-Förster resonance energy transfer and electron microscopy demonstrated that chromosome condensation is influenced by Ca2+. Ca2+ is also required for stabilization of kinetochore microtubules by loading CENP-F to kinetochore. Thus, combination of several imaging techniques is highly advantageous to understand chromosome structure.

Author